Search Results

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by recurrent, painful nodules and abscesses. It mainly affects areas of the body with skin folds, including the armpits, groin, and beneath the breasts. The impact of the condition goes beyond physical discomfort, such as associated pain, drainage, malodor, and scarring often result in significant negative psychosocial effects for those affected. Studies have revealed notable changes in the skin microbiome of individuals with HS, indicating a complex interaction between microbial communities and the disease's pathophysiology. What we know: HS patients exhibit an altered skin microbiome compared to healthy individuals. This dysbiosis is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and an overrepresentation of certain pathogenic bacteria (Lelonek et al ., 2023). Studies have found differences in specific bacterial taxa between HS patients and the control group. For instance, it was found that Mesorhizobium ,  Porphyromonas  and Peptoniphilus were more abundant in HS skin than healthy skin, and that Cutibacterium spp.  were decreased in HS patients (Lelonek et al ., 2023). An increased level of Gram-negative Porphyromonadaceae , Prevotellaceae , Fusobacteria , and Clostridales  in HS patients have also been noted​ (Luck et al ., 2022). The microbiota in various body sites of HS patients are less diverse and more similar to each other than in healthy individuals (Schneider et al ., 2020). In a study an increase in Finegoldia magna  in the groin and axilla of HS patients but a decrease in nasal swabs of these patients were observed (McCarthy et al ., 2022). Industry impact & potential: Non-obese HS patients have a different microbiome composition from obese ones, with subtle changes. More research is needed to understand these differences and their effects on the disease (Lelonek et al ., 2023). Microbiome research in HS could lead to new diagnostic tools and treatments. For example, profiling the microbiome might help identify those at risk for severe HS or predict how they will respond to treatments. Our solution: Sequential is a company specializing in skin microbiome testing, and we use advanced sequencing technologies to analyze skin microbial communities. We provide valuable insights into the microbiome profiles of individuals with HS or any skin conditions, helping to tailor personalized treatment. By partnering with dermatologists and researchers, we play a pivotal role in advancing microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Reference: Lelonek E, Bouazzi D, Jemec GBE, Szepietowski JC. Skin and Gut Microbiome in  Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. 2023 Aug 16;11(8):2277. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11082277. PMID: 37626773; PMCID: PMC10452269. Luck ME, Tao J, Lake EP. The Skin and Gut Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Current  Understanding and Future Considerations for Research and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Nov;23(6):841-852. doi: 10.1007/s40257-022-00724-w. Epub 2022 Sep 18. PMID: 36116091. McCarthy S, Barrett M, Kirthi S, Pellanda P, Vlckova K, Tobin AM, Murphy M, Shanahan F,  O'Toole PW. Altered Skin and Gut Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol. 2022 Feb;142(2):459-468.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.036. Epub 2021 Aug 6. PMID: 34364884. Schneider AM, Cook LC, Zhan X, Banerjee K, Cong Z, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, Gettle SL,  Longenecker AL, Kirby JS, Nelson AM. Loss of Skin Microbial Diversity and Alteration of Bacterial Metabolic Function in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol. 2020 Mar;140(3):716-720. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.151. Epub 2019 Aug 27. PMID: 31465743.

While age, environment and genetics are known to affect the vaginal microbiome, the impact of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and the use of hormonal contraceptives is less clear. Emerging research is now starting to address these influences and explore solutions for imbalances. What We Know: The vaginal microbiome is generally dominated by Lactobacillus spp. and this is thought to be regulated by oestradiol and progesterone levels. This dominance is more prevalent during reproductive years when these hormones are high. In contrast, prepubescent girls and postmenopausal women, who have lower hormone levels, typically have a more diverse vaginal microbiome with reduced Lactobacillus  abundance (Krog et al., 2022) .  Research has yet to explore the long term impact of fluctuating sex hormones during the menstrual cycle and the potential effects of hormonal contraception on microbiome composition (Krog et al., 2022) .  Industry Impact and Potential: Hormonal contraceptives do not significantly alter the composition of the vaginal microbiome. Studies have shown that regardless of the contraceptive method used, the abundances of key species such as Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis  and Prevotella spp.  remain consistent (Krog et al., 2022) .  However, the vaginal microbiome undergoes significant changes throughout the menstrual cycle, particularly in women not using hormonal contraceptives. During the follicular and luteal phases, there is an increase in L. crispatus , alongside a decrease in eight bacterial vaginosis-associated species. This pattern reflects a shift in microbial balance that aligns with hormonal fluctuations throughout the cycle. Notably, Lactobacillus  species showed positive correlations with serum oestradiol levels and higher levels of L. iners  were associated with increased oestradiol (Krog et al., 2022) .  The reasons for increased microbiome diversity during menstruation, whether due to hormonal shifts, iron availability from menstrual blood or the impact of menstrual hygiene products, are still unconfirmed. However, findings suggest that menstrual products and sexual practices have only a minor effect on these microbial changes (Krog et al., 2022) .  This study was the first to measure serum oestradiol levels and find a link between high oestradiol and the presence of L. crispatus , indicating that hormones help maintain this beneficial microbe (Krog et al., 2022) .  Earlier this year, @Seed Health launched VS-01™, a pioneering vaginal suppository synbiotic featuring three proprietary strains of L. crispatus . Clinically validated to optimise the vaginal microbiome, VS-01™ has been shown to effectively regulate pH levels within one menstrual cycle (Microbiome Post, 2024) .  Our Solution: In addition to vaginal microbiome analysis, we at Sequential provide services for assessing skin, scalp and oral microbiomes, and have established our company as a leader in facilitating the assessment and development of products that maintain microbiome integrity. Our team of experts is well-equipped to support your company in formulating innovative products suitable for maintaining and improving the vaginal microbiome to support women’s health. References: Krog, M.C., Hugerth, L.W., Fransson, E., Bashir, Z., Nyboe Andersen, A., Edfeldt, G., Engstrand, L., Schuppe-Koistinen, I. & Nielsen, H.S. (2022) The healthy female microbiome across body sites: effect of hormonal contraceptives and the menstrual cycle. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 37 (7), 1525–1543. doi:10.1093/humrep/deac094. Microbiome Post (2024) Seed Health introduces revolutionary vaginal microbiome product: VS-01.

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterised by skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Treatment is often difficult and multifaceted, including topical corticosteroids and moisturisers, but recent research has explored ammonium-oxidising bacteria (AOB) as a promising novel approach. What We Know: Skin microbiome dysbiosis is a common feature of AD, characterised by low bacterial diversity, high non-Malassezia fungal diversity, an increased abundance of Staphylococcus aureus  and Staphylococcus epidermidis , and reduced levels of other bacterial genera, with S. aureus  colonisation notably worsening disease severity (Bjerre et al., 2017) . Treating AD involves regular use of emollients, soap-free cleansers, corticosteroids for flare-ups, and broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting S. aureus. Emerging microbiome-based biotherapies, such as probiotics, microbial repopulation, phage therapies, small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, and quorum sensing inhibitors, show promise in addressing S. aureus colonization (Koh, Ong & Common, 2022). AD is driven by an uncontrolled type 2 inflammatory response involving cytokines IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4, which lead to IgE production, hypersensitivity reactions, itching, and tissue damage. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting type 2 cells and their cytokine mediators, such as IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4, have shown promise in managing these conditions (Maura, Elmekki & Goddard, 2021) . Research identifies Nitrosomonas eutropha D23, an ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, as a promising candidate for modulating the T2 pathway. It suppresses Th2 cell polarization and cytokine production, likely via IL-10 and dendritic cell inhibition, suggesting its potential for treating atopic skin diseases (Maura, Elmekki & Goddard, 2021). Industry Impact and Potential: AOBiome Therapeutics, Inc., has developed B244: a patented live topical biotherapeutic containing a purified strain of Nitrosomonas eutropha,  originally isolated from soil samples, that may help manage AD by reducing pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus   (Silverberg et al., 2023) . B244 generates nitric oxide, which helps regulate inflammation and blood vessel dilation by reducing cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31) associated with AD symptoms. Its metabolic, antimicrobial properties, and lack of virulence make it a promising, well-tolerated topical treatment for AD (Silverberg et al., 2023). Global Phase 3 trials are imminent, with AOBiome partnering with Maruho Co., Ltd. for the treatment's commercialization. Our Solution: Sequential is an industry-leading microbiome product developing and testing company based in London, New York and Singapore. Our expertise and customisable services empower businesses to innovate confidently in formulating and investigating products that preserve microbiome integrity, ensuring their efficacy and compatibility for a healthier microbiome.  References: Bjerre, R.D., Bandier, J., Skov, L., Engstrand, L. & Johansen, J.D. (2017) The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. British Journal of Dermatology . 177 (5), 1272–1278. doi:10.1111/bjd.15390. Koh, L.F., Ong, R.Y. & Common, J.E. (2022) Skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis. Allergology International . 71 (1), 31–39. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.001. Maura, D., Elmekki, N. & Goddard, C.A. (2021) The ammonia oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas eutropha blocks T helper 2 cell polarization via the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Scientific Reports . 11 (1), 14162. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93299-1. Silverberg, J.I., Lio, P.A., Simpson, E.L., Li, C., Brownell, D.R., Gryllos, I., Ng-Cashin, J., Krueger, T., Swaidan, V.R., Bliss, R.L. & Kim, H.D. (2023) Efficacy and safety of topically applied therapeutic ammonia oxidising bacteria in adults with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis and moderate-to-severe pruritus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2b trial. eClinicalMedicine . 60. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102002.

What Is a Skin Microbiome Kit? A skin microbiome test kit is a diagnostic tool designed to analyse the microorganisms living on the surface of the skin. These kits assess the diversity and abundance of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, providing insights into the skin’s microbial ecosystem. The information gathered can help individuals and healthcare providers understand microbial imbalances that might contribute to dermatological conditions or identify strategies to improve skin health. Components of a Skin Microbiome Kit Sampling Materials Swabs: Sterile swabs are used to collect skin samples from specific areas, such as the face, hands, or scalp. Adhesive Strips: In some kits, tape-stripping methods collect deeper microbial samples by gently removing skin cells along with surface microbes. Sample Preservation The collected samples are placed into a vial or test tube containing a stabilising agent to preserve the DNA of microbes until the sample reaches the laboratory. Instructions for Use Clear instructions are included to guide users on how to collect samples correctly to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results. Once the sample arrives at the lab, it undergoes next-generation sequencing (NGS) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. These techniques identify microbial DNA and quantify the presence of various microorganisms. (Nafea et al., 2024) Results are typically shared in reports, offering detailed insights into the composition of the user’s skin microbiome and recommendations for skincare or lifestyle adjustments. Applications and Benefits -Personalised skincare: Tailored treatments based on an individual’s skin microbial profile. By identifying specific bacteria or fungi, users can specifically customise their skincare routines, using products designed to promote a healthy microbiome or address specific concerns such as acne or dryness. Companies may also use the microbiome data collected to formulate more effective skincare products in the future. -Identifying dysbiosis: Kits can detect microbial imbalances (dysbiosis), which are associated with conditions such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis. (Borrego-Ruiz & Borrego, 2024) This allows dermatologists to recommend targeted therapies, such as probiotics or prebiotics, to restore balance and improve skin health. (D’Auria et al., 2021) They are also helpful for tracking the effectiveness of treatments over time. -Monitoring the impact of lifestyle changes: The skin microbiome is influenced by environmental factors like humidity, pollution, and UV exposure, as well as lifestyle choices such as diet and stress management. Testing allows users to monitor how these factors affect their microbial health and make adjustments accordingly. (Byrd et al., 2018) -Research purposes: Helping dermatologists and researchers understand the dynamics of skin health better and test the effectiveness of new treatments. This data can drive the development of these new therapies, including microbiome-based interventions, and help identify potential biomarkers for skin disorders. (D’Auria et al., 2021) Scientific Significance The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function and immune responses. Imbalances in these microbial communities are often associated with dermatological conditions, and research continues to explore how restoring balance through topical or oral interventions could improve skin health. Accurate sampling and analysis, however, remain critical challenges for researchers, requiring reproducible methods for reliable results. (D’Auria et al., 2021) Conclusion A skin microbiome kit offers a gateway into understanding the complex ecosystem on our skin. While still emerging as a mainstream tool, these kits are becoming popular in both consumer skincare and clinical research. As more studies focus on the interplay between the skin microbiome and external factors such as diet and environmental exposures, personalised skincare routines may soon become the norm. References Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2024). Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin Microbiome and Its Psychological Consequences. Microorganisms, 12(9), 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091908 D'Auria, E., Acunzo, M., et al. (2021). A journey on the skin microbiome: Pitfalls and opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18), 9846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189846 Nafea, A. M., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Salama, A. M., Aziz, M. A., Xu, S., & Tong, Y. (2024). Application of next-generation sequencing to identify different pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1329330

How do I Rebuild my Skin Microbiome? Our skin, as we know to be the body's largest organ, hosts a plethora of microorganisms. An elaborate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live on the skin and maintain its optimal health, making up the skin microbiome (Smythe & Wilkinson, 2023). These microorganisms serve as a protective barrier against harmful pathogens, aid in immune system regulation, and play a vital role in various skin functions. However, factors such as harsh skincare products, poor diet, and environmental stressors can disrupt the balance, leading to acne, eczema, and other skin disorders (Wallen-Russell, 2019). Restoring the skin microbiome involves a complex and multifaceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, targeted skincare practices, and sometimes dietary adjustments. Understanding the Skin Microbiome The microbiome varies depending on the region of the skin, with different areas hosting distinct microbial communities. Fournière et al. (2020) examine how Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, key skin microbiota components, vary across different skin environments. For instance, Staphylococcus species are mainly in moist areas like axillary and popliteal creases, while Cutibacterium species are found in sebaceous areas such as the face and back. An ideal and healthy skin microbiome is diverse, and resilient, capable of adapting to changes and defending against adversaries. Steps to Restore the Skin Microbiome 1. Use Less & Gentle Skincare Products: Using lesser products would simplify one’s skincare routine, making it easier to stay consistent and therefore allow the skin to adjust and benefit from the active ingredients. Hwang et al. (2021) further suggests that in order to restore the skin microbiome, one should actively choose products with essential ingredients which are natural, soothing and non-disruptive to the skin's natural barrier. 2. Incorporate Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics: Just as the gut microbiome benefits from probiotics, so does the skin. Probiotic skincare adds beneficial bacteria to restore skin balance, while prebiotics nourish existing good bacteria to boost their growth. Common probiotics include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, found in drinks, powders, tablets, and fermented dairy products (Gowda, et al. 2024). 3. Protect Your Skin from Environmental Stressors: Limit exposure to environmental pollutants and the sun, which can damage the skin barrier and disrupt the microbiome (Wang et al., 2021). Using protective measures like sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and cleansing your skin regularly can help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and support a balanced microbiome. 4. Moisturise Regularly: Keeping the skin well-hydrated is crucial for maintaining a healthy microbiome. Dry skin can compromise the skin barrier, making it easier for harmful bacteria to invade. Use a moisturiser that contains ingredients like ceramides, which help to strengthen the skin barrier, and hyaluronic acid to retain moisture. (Spada & Greive, 2018) 5. Pay Attention to Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports skin microbiome health with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and flaxseeds, are particularly beneficial as they have anti-inflammatory properties that can help maintain a balanced skin microbiome. (Costantini, Molinari & Merendino, 2017) Conclusion Restoring the skin microbiome is an ongoing process that demands consistent effort and dedication. By understanding the skin microbiome and incorporating strategies to support its health, you can significantly enhance your skin's ability to protect against environmental stressors and lower the risk of skin disorders. References Smythe, P., & Wilkinson, H. N. (2023). The skin microbiome: Current landscape and future opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043950 Wallen-Russell, C. (2019). The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biology, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6 Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G. (2020). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two major sentinels of skin microbiota and the influence of cosmetics. Microorganisms, 8(11), 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111752 Hwang, B. K., Lee, S., Myoung, J., Hwang, S. J., Lim, J. M., Jeong, E. T., Park, S. G., & Youn, S. H. (2021). Effect of the skincare product on facial skin microbial structure and biophysical parameters: A pilot study. MicrobiologyOpen, 10(5), e1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1236 Gowda, V., Sarkar, R., Verma, D., & Das, A. (2024). Probiotics in Dermatology: An Evidence-based Approach. Indian dermatology online journal, 15(4), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_614_23 Wang, L., Xu, Y. N., Chu, C. C., Jing, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Pu, M., Mi, T., Du, Y., Liang, Z., Doraiswamy, C., Zeng, T., Wu, J., & Chen, L. (2021). Facial Skin Microbiota-Mediated Host Response to Pollution Stress Revealed by Microbiome Networks of Individual. mSystems, 6(4), e0031921. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00319-21 Spada, F., Barnes, T. M., & Greive, K. A. (2018). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 11, 491–497. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697 Costantini, L., Molinari, R., Farinon, B., & Merendino, N. (2017). Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122645

What Disrupts the Skin Microbiome? The skin microbiome is an intricate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that protect and maintain skin health (Smythe & Wilkinson, 2023). It acts as a defence against harmful pathogens, regulates inflammation, and supports the skin’s overall barrier function. However, disruptions to this microbiome can eventually lead to skin issues like acne, eczema, and various skin infections (Wallen-Russell, 2019). Understanding these disruptions is key to making informed choices about skincare, diet, and lifestyle to promote healthy skin. 1. Harsh Skincare Products Personal care products like soaps and lotions can disrupt the skin microbiome by removing natural oils and beneficial microbes. Many contain harsh chemicals, such as preservatives and fragrances, which reduce microbial diversity and promote the growth of harmful bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. A study by Wallen-Russel (2018) found that synthetic ingredients generally lower the positive effects on skin biodiversity. Using essential, pH-balanced skincare products is recommended to maintain a healthy skin microbiome. 2. Antibiotics and Medications The use of antibiotics is a major disruptor of the skin microbiome. While antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial infections, their overuse or misuse can eliminate beneficial bacteria alongside harmful pathogens. This disruption can lead to a decrease in microbial diversity and the dominance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may contribute to skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Studies have shown that prolonged antibiotic use can have lasting effects on the skin's microbial communities, making it more prone to dysbiosis and related diseases (Byrd et al., 2018). 3. Environmental Factors Environmental exposures are a major cause of skin microbiome disruption. Pollution, particularly airborne particulate matter and toxins, weakens the skin barrier and alters microbial diversity by causing oxidative stress and inflammation. This imbalance favours harmful microbes while reducing beneficial ones. Araviiskaia et al. (2019) found that chronic inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis tend to worsen in individuals, including children, when exposed to high pollution levels. While moderate sun exposure is beneficial, excessive UV exposure can cause acute and chronic skin damage, including inflammation, premature ageing, and increased cancer risk. Patra, Sérézal & Wolf (2020) highlights how UV radiation disrupts the skin microbiome, potentially leading to dysbiosis and compromised skin health. 4. Diet and Lifestyle Diet and lifestyle choices can also direct the overall health of the skin microbiome. Ghosh, McMahon & Lappin (2021) revealed that a plant-based diet can positively influence the skin microbiome, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby supporting overall skin health. Conversely, diets high in processed foods and saturated fats can negatively impact the microbiome and lead to health issues, including skin conditions. 5. Stress and Hormonal Changes Stress can significantly impact the skin microbiome, primarily through hormonal and behavioural changes. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased production of cortisol and other stress hormones. This hormonal response can cause inflammation and immune dysregulation, which may exacerbate various skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. Additionally, stress can lead to changes in behaviour, such as neglecting skincare routines or engaging in unhealthy habits (e.g., smoking, poor diet) that further disrupt the skin microbiome (Holmes et al., 2015). Reference Araviiskaia, E., Berardesca, E., Bieber, T., Gontijo, G., Sanchez Viera, M., Marrot, L., Chuberre, B., & Dreno, B. (2019). The impact of airborne pollution on skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 33(8), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15583 Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Ghosh, S., McMahon, A., & Lappin, D. F. (2021). The relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and skin health. Nutrients, 13(5), 1568. Holmes, C. J., Plichta, J. K., Gamelli, R. L., & Radek, K. A. (2015). Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection. Advances in wound care, 4(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2014.0546 Patra, V., Sérézal, I. G., & Wolf, P. (2020). Potential of Skin Microbiome, Pro- and/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure. Nutrients, 12(6), 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061795 Smythe, P., & Wilkinson, H. N. (2023). The skin microbiome: Current landscape and future opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043950 Wallen-Russell, C. (2018). The role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the skin Microbiome: A study using biodiversity. Cosmetics, 6(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6010002 Wallen-Russell, C. (2019). The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biology, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6