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What Is a Skin Microbiome Kit? A skin microbiome test kit is a diagnostic tool designed to analyse the microorganisms living on the surface of the skin. These kits assess the diversity and abundance of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, providing insights into the skin’s microbial ecosystem. The information gathered can help individuals and healthcare providers understand microbial imbalances that might contribute to dermatological conditions or identify strategies to improve skin health. Components of a Skin Microbiome Kit Sampling Materials Swabs: Sterile swabs are used to collect skin samples from specific areas, such as the face, hands, or scalp. Adhesive Strips: In some kits, tape-stripping methods collect deeper microbial samples by gently removing skin cells along with surface microbes. Sample Preservation The collected samples are placed into a vial or test tube containing a stabilising agent to preserve the DNA of microbes until the sample reaches the laboratory. Instructions for Use Clear instructions are included to guide users on how to collect samples correctly to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results. Once the sample arrives at the lab, it undergoes next-generation sequencing (NGS) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. These techniques identify microbial DNA and quantify the presence of various microorganisms. (Nafea et al., 2024) Results are typically shared in reports, offering detailed insights into the composition of the user’s skin microbiome and recommendations for skincare or lifestyle adjustments. Applications and Benefits -Personalised skincare: Tailored treatments based on an individual’s skin microbial profile. By identifying specific bacteria or fungi, users can specifically customise their skincare routines, using products designed to promote a healthy microbiome or address specific concerns such as acne or dryness. Companies may also use the microbiome data collected to formulate more effective skincare products in the future. -Identifying dysbiosis: Kits can detect microbial imbalances (dysbiosis), which are associated with conditions such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis. (Borrego-Ruiz & Borrego, 2024) This allows dermatologists to recommend targeted therapies, such as probiotics or prebiotics, to restore balance and improve skin health. (D’Auria et al., 2021) They are also helpful for tracking the effectiveness of treatments over time. -Monitoring the impact of lifestyle changes: The skin microbiome is influenced by environmental factors like humidity, pollution, and UV exposure, as well as lifestyle choices such as diet and stress management. Testing allows users to monitor how these factors affect their microbial health and make adjustments accordingly. (Byrd et al., 2018) -Research purposes: Helping dermatologists and researchers understand the dynamics of skin health better and test the effectiveness of new treatments. This data can drive the development of these new therapies, including microbiome-based interventions, and help identify potential biomarkers for skin disorders. (D’Auria et al., 2021) Scientific Significance The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function and immune responses. Imbalances in these microbial communities are often associated with dermatological conditions, and research continues to explore how restoring balance through topical or oral interventions could improve skin health. Accurate sampling and analysis, however, remain critical challenges for researchers, requiring reproducible methods for reliable results. (D’Auria et al., 2021) Conclusion A skin microbiome kit offers a gateway into understanding the complex ecosystem on our skin. While still emerging as a mainstream tool, these kits are becoming popular in both consumer skincare and clinical research. As more studies focus on the interplay between the skin microbiome and external factors such as diet and environmental exposures, personalised skincare routines may soon become the norm. References Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2024). Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin Microbiome and Its Psychological Consequences. Microorganisms, 12(9), 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091908 D'Auria, E., Acunzo, M., et al. (2021). A journey on the skin microbiome: Pitfalls and opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18), 9846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189846 Nafea, A. M., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Salama, A. M., Aziz, M. A., Xu, S., & Tong, Y. (2024). Application of next-generation sequencing to identify different pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1329330

How do I Rebuild my Skin Microbiome? Our skin, as we know to be the body's largest organ, hosts a plethora of microorganisms. An elaborate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live on the skin and maintain its optimal health, making up the skin microbiome (Smythe & Wilkinson, 2023). These microorganisms serve as a protective barrier against harmful pathogens, aid in immune system regulation, and play a vital role in various skin functions. However, factors such as harsh skincare products, poor diet, and environmental stressors can disrupt the balance, leading to acne, eczema, and other skin disorders (Wallen-Russell, 2019). Restoring the skin microbiome involves a complex and multifaceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, targeted skincare practices, and sometimes dietary adjustments. Understanding the Skin Microbiome The microbiome varies depending on the region of the skin, with different areas hosting distinct microbial communities. Fournière et al. (2020) examine how Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, key skin microbiota components, vary across different skin environments. For instance, Staphylococcus species are mainly in moist areas like axillary and popliteal creases, while Cutibacterium species are found in sebaceous areas such as the face and back. An ideal and healthy skin microbiome is diverse, and resilient, capable of adapting to changes and defending against adversaries. Steps to Restore the Skin Microbiome 1. Use Less & Gentle Skincare Products: Using lesser products would simplify one’s skincare routine, making it easier to stay consistent and therefore allow the skin to adjust and benefit from the active ingredients. Hwang et al. (2021) further suggests that in order to restore the skin microbiome, one should actively choose products with essential ingredients which are natural, soothing and non-disruptive to the skin's natural barrier. 2. Incorporate Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics: Just as the gut microbiome benefits from probiotics, so does the skin. Probiotic skincare adds beneficial bacteria to restore skin balance, while prebiotics nourish existing good bacteria to boost their growth. Common probiotics include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, found in drinks, powders, tablets, and fermented dairy products (Gowda, et al. 2024). 3. Protect Your Skin from Environmental Stressors: Limit exposure to environmental pollutants and the sun, which can damage the skin barrier and disrupt the microbiome (Wang et al., 2021). Using protective measures like sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and cleansing your skin regularly can help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and support a balanced microbiome. 4. Moisturise Regularly: Keeping the skin well-hydrated is crucial for maintaining a healthy microbiome. Dry skin can compromise the skin barrier, making it easier for harmful bacteria to invade. Use a moisturiser that contains ingredients like ceramides, which help to strengthen the skin barrier, and hyaluronic acid to retain moisture. (Spada & Greive, 2018) 5. Pay Attention to Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports skin microbiome health with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and flaxseeds, are particularly beneficial as they have anti-inflammatory properties that can help maintain a balanced skin microbiome. (Costantini, Molinari & Merendino, 2017) Conclusion Restoring the skin microbiome is an ongoing process that demands consistent effort and dedication. By understanding the skin microbiome and incorporating strategies to support its health, you can significantly enhance your skin's ability to protect against environmental stressors and lower the risk of skin disorders. References Smythe, P., & Wilkinson, H. N. (2023). The skin microbiome: Current landscape and future opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043950 Wallen-Russell, C. (2019). The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biology, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6 Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G. (2020). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two major sentinels of skin microbiota and the influence of cosmetics. Microorganisms, 8(11), 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111752 Hwang, B. K., Lee, S., Myoung, J., Hwang, S. J., Lim, J. M., Jeong, E. T., Park, S. G., & Youn, S. H. (2021). Effect of the skincare product on facial skin microbial structure and biophysical parameters: A pilot study. MicrobiologyOpen, 10(5), e1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1236 Gowda, V., Sarkar, R., Verma, D., & Das, A. (2024). Probiotics in Dermatology: An Evidence-based Approach. Indian dermatology online journal, 15(4), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_614_23 Wang, L., Xu, Y. N., Chu, C. C., Jing, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Pu, M., Mi, T., Du, Y., Liang, Z., Doraiswamy, C., Zeng, T., Wu, J., & Chen, L. (2021). Facial Skin Microbiota-Mediated Host Response to Pollution Stress Revealed by Microbiome Networks of Individual. mSystems, 6(4), e0031921. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00319-21 Spada, F., Barnes, T. M., & Greive, K. A. (2018). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 11, 491–497. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697 Costantini, L., Molinari, R., Farinon, B., & Merendino, N. (2017). Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122645

What Disrupts the Skin Microbiome? The skin microbiome is an intricate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that protect and maintain skin health (Smythe & Wilkinson, 2023). It acts as a defence against harmful pathogens, regulates inflammation, and supports the skin’s overall barrier function. However, disruptions to this microbiome can eventually lead to skin issues like acne, eczema, and various skin infections (Wallen-Russell, 2019). Understanding these disruptions is key to making informed choices about skincare, diet, and lifestyle to promote healthy skin. 1. Harsh Skincare Products Personal care products like soaps and lotions can disrupt the skin microbiome by removing natural oils and beneficial microbes. Many contain harsh chemicals, such as preservatives and fragrances, which reduce microbial diversity and promote the growth of harmful bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. A study by Wallen-Russel (2018) found that synthetic ingredients generally lower the positive effects on skin biodiversity. Using essential, pH-balanced skincare products is recommended to maintain a healthy skin microbiome. 2. Antibiotics and Medications The use of antibiotics is a major disruptor of the skin microbiome. While antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial infections, their overuse or misuse can eliminate beneficial bacteria alongside harmful pathogens. This disruption can lead to a decrease in microbial diversity and the dominance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may contribute to skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Studies have shown that prolonged antibiotic use can have lasting effects on the skin's microbial communities, making it more prone to dysbiosis and related diseases (Byrd et al., 2018). 3. Environmental Factors Environmental exposures are a major cause of skin microbiome disruption. Pollution, particularly airborne particulate matter and toxins, weakens the skin barrier and alters microbial diversity by causing oxidative stress and inflammation. This imbalance favours harmful microbes while reducing beneficial ones. Araviiskaia et al. (2019) found that chronic inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis tend to worsen in individuals, including children, when exposed to high pollution levels. While moderate sun exposure is beneficial, excessive UV exposure can cause acute and chronic skin damage, including inflammation, premature ageing, and increased cancer risk. Patra, Sérézal & Wolf (2020) highlights how UV radiation disrupts the skin microbiome, potentially leading to dysbiosis and compromised skin health. 4. Diet and Lifestyle Diet and lifestyle choices can also direct the overall health of the skin microbiome. Ghosh, McMahon & Lappin (2021) revealed that a plant-based diet can positively influence the skin microbiome, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby supporting overall skin health. Conversely, diets high in processed foods and saturated fats can negatively impact the microbiome and lead to health issues, including skin conditions. 5. Stress and Hormonal Changes Stress can significantly impact the skin microbiome, primarily through hormonal and behavioural changes. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased production of cortisol and other stress hormones. This hormonal response can cause inflammation and immune dysregulation, which may exacerbate various skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. Additionally, stress can lead to changes in behaviour, such as neglecting skincare routines or engaging in unhealthy habits (e.g., smoking, poor diet) that further disrupt the skin microbiome (Holmes et al., 2015). Reference Araviiskaia, E., Berardesca, E., Bieber, T., Gontijo, G., Sanchez Viera, M., Marrot, L., Chuberre, B., & Dreno, B. (2019). The impact of airborne pollution on skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 33(8), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15583 Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Ghosh, S., McMahon, A., & Lappin, D. F. (2021). The relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and skin health. Nutrients, 13(5), 1568. Holmes, C. J., Plichta, J. K., Gamelli, R. L., & Radek, K. A. (2015). Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection. Advances in wound care, 4(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2014.0546 Patra, V., Sérézal, I. G., & Wolf, P. (2020). Potential of Skin Microbiome, Pro- and/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure. Nutrients, 12(6), 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061795 Smythe, P., & Wilkinson, H. N. (2023). The skin microbiome: Current landscape and future opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043950 Wallen-Russell, C. (2018). The role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the skin Microbiome: A study using biodiversity. Cosmetics, 6(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6010002 Wallen-Russell, C. (2019). The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biology, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6

What is a Microbiome Formulation? Less is More approach Statistically, Women typically apply around 16 beauty products each day, exposing their skin to about 515 synthetic chemicals daily. (“The Average Woman Uses 16 Beauty Products Every Day. Here Are the Ones Worth the Investment,” 2018) This extensive exposure has led to a rise in skin sensitivity, which now affects 60-70% of women and 50-60% of men worldwide (Sensitive skins wear their own skin microbiota, 2024) - a number that continues to climb. To mitigate these effects, experts advise using fewer, essential ingredients and prioritising simple, balanced formulations over emphasising single "hero" ingredients. This holistic approach fosters skin compatibility, supporting healthier skin with reduced risk of irritation. Traditional vs Microbiome approach The traditional skin care approach highlights a single, "hero" ingredient or a blend of active ingredients to deliver specific benefits, with the spotlight on these components as the main drivers of product efficacy. However, a microbiome-focused approach takes a broader, more holistic perspective. It considers how each ingredient, including non-active additives (functional ingredients), interacts with the skin and its microbiome. This method aims to create formulations that support the skin's natural microbial balance, ensuring that every component contributes positively to overall skin health. Anhydrous Products Anhydrous products, with no water, do not require preservatives since bacteria need moisture to grow. However, they face challenges: incorporating water-soluble actives is difficult, and they are more prone to oxidation and rancidity. Their thick, oil-based consistency may also not suit all skin types, especially oily or sensitive skin. Despite these drawbacks, anhydrous formulations appeal to consumers interested in preservative-free, minimal skincare. Water-based Products Water in skincare products often makes up 80%, requiring emulsifiers to mix with oils and preservatives to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. To avoid contamination, effective preservation is essential. Instead of skipping preservation, reducing water activity can enhance product stability by limiting moisture, which is crucial for safer, less chemically intensive formulations. pH Maintaining a skincare formulation with a slightly acidic pH, ideally below 5, supports the skin's microbiome and barrier function. Alkaline cleansers with pH levels above 7 can disrupt the acid mantle, weakening the barrier and encouraging harmful bacteria. Hülpüsch et al. (2022) found that a higher skin pH (5.7–6.2) in atopic dermatitis patients is linked to increased Staphylococcus aureus colonisation, worsening inflammation and barrier issues. Acidic formulations may help control bacterial overgrowth, reducing flare-ups and promoting skin health in at-risk groups like those with AD. Ingredients Formulations that are high in lipids can strengthen the skin barrier, enhancing hydration and resilience against irritants. Combining gentle surfactants with super fatty agents further reduces potential for irritation and maintains moisture, which is particularly beneficial for sensitive skin types. These principles help prevent disruption of the microbiome, ensuring the skin remains balanced and resilient over time (Van Belkum et al., 2023). The selection of mildly acidic, pH-balanced ingredients close to the skin’s natural acidity (4.7 < pH < 5.7) is crucial, as it helps preserve the skin’s barrier and microbiome. Preservatives To protect the skin microbiome and reduce bacterial growth, it’s essential to minimise preservatives, especially in oil-based products. Anhydrous formulations, which don’t require preservatives, are ideal when possible. For water-based products, alternatives such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and natural humectants like glycerin, sodium lactate, and NMF components (ceramide, urea), can improve microbial stability and skin barrier function (Halla et al., 2018). Airless packaging and sterilisation methods like UHT technology can further enhance product safety by minimising contamination, reducing the need for traditional preservatives. Surfactants Water-in-oil System: Choose emulsifiers with a low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ratio and natural ingredients like plant oils or sugars. Limit emulsifier concentration to maintain skin barrier integrity. Avoid Polysorbate 80, which can promote pathogen growth, and use alternatives like Polyglyceryl 4 Oleate, which self-emulsify when mixed with water. Oil-in-water System: Use microbiome-friendly emulsifiers derived from natural sources like plant oils and sugars. Examples include Olivem 1000, made from olive oil (Cetearyl Olivate and Sorbitan Olivate), and Emulium Mellifera MB, which combines beeswax and jojoba wax (Polyglyceryl-6 Distearate and Jojoba Esters). These emulsifiers help maintain skin health while supporting the microbiome. It's also important to limit the concentration of emulsifiers to avoid disrupting the skin barrier. Fragrances/Essential Oils Fragrances should generally be avoided in skincare formulations, especially for sensitive skin, as many fragrances can cause irritation. However, certain essential oils may serve as antimicrobial agents in products for non-sensitive skin, offering a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives. For instance, bergamot and lavender oils demonstrate antibacterial and antifungal effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, though they do not affect S. epidermidis (Kim et al., 2022). Additionally, rosemary oil and phenylethyl alcohol show strong antifungal properties, adding preservative benefits without traditional preservatives. Reference Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. Halla, N., Fernandes, I. P., Heleno, S. A., Costa, P., Boucherit-Otmani, Z., Boucherit, K., Rodrigues, A. E., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., & Barreiro, M. F. (2018). Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies. Molecules, 23(7), 1571. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071571 The average woman uses 16 beauty products every day. Here are the ones worth the investment. (2018, December 6). The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/beauty/face/essential-skincare-makeup-products-use-everyday/ Sensitive skins wear their own skin microbiota - BEAUTY HORIZONS 1 2021 WW. (2024, March 27). https://digital.teknoscienze.com/beauty_horizons_1_2021_ww/sensitive_skins_wear_their_own_skin_microbiota Hülpüsch, C., Tremmel, K., Hammel, G., Bhattacharyya, M., De Tomassi, A., Nussbaumer, T., Neumann, A. U., Reiger, M., & Traidl‐Hoffmann, C. (2020). Skin pH–dependent Staphylococcus aureus abundance as predictor for increasing atopic dermatitis severity. Allergy, 75(11), 2888–2898. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14461 Van Belkum, A., Lisotto, P., Pirovano, W., Mongiat, S., Zorgani, A., Gempeler, M., Bongoni, R., & Klaassens, E. (2023). Being friendly to the skin microbiome: Experimental assessment. Frontiers in Microbiomes, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/frmbi.2022.1077151 Nielsen, H. L., et al. (2016). Influence of emulsifiers on microbial stability in cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(4), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12301 Kim, J., et al. (2022). Antimicrobial effects of essential oils on skin microbiota. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 73(5), 452-460.

How Do I Test My Microbiome? The microbiome refers to the collection of trillions of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that live in and on your body, particularly in your gut. (Lloyd-Price, Abu-Ali & Huttenhower, 2016) These microbes are vital components in maintaining our health by aiding digestion, regulating the immune system, and even influencing mood and overall brain function. Given the growing interest in the microbiome's impact on overall well-being, testing the microbiome has broadened its appeal among people. Here's an overview of the process, why it's important, and what the results could reveal. Types of Microbiome Tests Skin tests: Skin microbiome samples are typically collected using non-invasive methods, such as swabs, tape strips, or skin scrapings. A swab is gently rubbed over the surface of the skin to capture microbial communities from different body areas, depending on the research or diagnostic needs. These samples are then sent to a lab for DNA sequencing to identify and quantify the microbial species present (Grice & Segre, 2011). This approach allows for a deeper understanding of how the skin's microbial balance impacts health conditions like acne, eczema, and skin infections. Saliva tests: Saliva microbiome testing is a non-invasive approach to assess the bacterial communities in the mouth, offering insights into oral and overall health. Through next-generation sequencing, saliva samples can reveal significant shifts in microbial composition, serving as early biomarkers for health conditions. For example, Aas et al. (2005) demonstrated that saliva microbiome testing could reveal distinct bacterial profiles associated with oral diseases, suggesting its importance in both oral and systemic health management. Stool tests: Stool microbiome testing evaluates the gut’s microbial composition by analysing bacteria, viruses, and fungi in stool samples. This non-invasive test helps identify microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) linked to conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. By using next-generation sequencing, it reveals the diversity and abundance of gut microbes, which can inform insights into digestive, immune, and even mental health. Zhernakova et al. (2016) highlighted its potential in detecting gut-related health issues and promoting personalised healthcare strategies. Comprehensive clinical tests: In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend a more comprehensive testing that goes beyond the standard saliva and stool samples which include blood tests or even tissue biopsies; particularly when chronic conditions are present. These approaches can hold valuable information regarding systemic infections or localised imbalances in microbiota, which can significantly aid in the management of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and even cancer. (Schulfer & Blaser, 2015) Conclusion By testing our microbiome, we dive into important insights of our overall health by identifying imbalances in microbial communities, known as dysbiosis, which are interlinked to various health conditions. Understanding our microbiome composition allows for customised dietary and lifestyle adjustments to restore balance, as specific gut bacteria are essential for digestion, immune function, and mood regulation. (Zhernakova et al., 2016; Young, 2017) Advancements in microbiome research show that testing can aid in managing chronic diseases by guiding personalised treatment and dietary plans based on an individual's microbial profile, improving clinical outcomes and overall well-being (Lloyd-Price et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2021). Regular testing can optimise health, particularly concerning the gut-brain axis and metabolic health. References Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005). Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(11), 5721-5732. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005 Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8(51), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y Schulfer, A., & Blaser, M. J. (2015). Risks of antibiotic exposures early in life on the developing microbiome. PLoS Pathogens, 11(7), e1004903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004903 Zhernakova, A., et al. (2016). Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 352(6285), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3369

How to Test My Microbiome at Home? Advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made it easier for consumers to analyse their microbiome at home, providing insights into digestion, immune function and risks for chronic conditions like obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. (Kashyap et al., 2013; Mills et al., 2019) What was once confined to research labs is now accessible to individuals through at-home testing kits. Testing your microbiome at home involves using specialised kits that analyse stool, saliva, or skin samples to provide insights into the composition of your microbiota. At-Home Microbiome Testing Walkthrough Choose a Testing Kit: Several companies offer microbiome testing kits that can be purchased online. The most common ones focus on gut bacteria via stool samples, while others may analyse saliva or skin samples. Sample Collection: The kit will come with tools to collect your sample, usually a test tube for stool, saliva, or skin swabs. Each kit typically contains instructions, a sterile collection tool, a labelled container for the sample, and a prepaid shipping label to send the sample back to the lab for analysis. Return Your Sample: After collecting the sample, you place it in the provided container, label it, and use the prepaid shipping label to return it to the lab. DNA Analysis: Once the sample reaches the lab, it undergoes DNA sequencing, usually through next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. This process identifies the types and quantities of bacteria and other microbes in the sample. (Franzosa et al., 2018) Results: After the analysis, the company provides a detailed report of your microbiome, including the diversity and relative abundance of microbes. Some tests may offer personalised health or dietary recommendations based on your microbiome profile. (Mills et al., 2019) Actionable Insights: Based on your results, you may be able to adjust your diet or lifestyle to improve your microbiome balance and overall health. Conclusion At-home microbiome testing relies on the use of NGS, which sequences the DNA of the microorganisms in your sample. This technology has been validated in numerous scientific studies and is widely used in microbiome research. (Turnbaugh et al., 2007) Companies typically compare your microbiome profile against large databases of microbial genomes to provide insights into how your microbiome compares to others in terms of diversity and health markers. (Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 2012) While at-home microbiome tests are an exciting development in personalised health and have become a beacon in providing valuable information, it’s important to note that the science is still evolving. The relationships between specific microbes and health conditions are not fully understood yet and more research is needed to translate these findings into actionable clinical advice (Zhernakova et al., 2016). As research into the human microbiome continues, these tests will likely become even more accurate and influential in shaping personalised health strategies. References Franzosa, E. A., McIver, L. J., Rahnavard, G., Thompson, L. R., Schirmer, M., Weingart, G., … & Huttenhower, C. (2018). Species-level functional profiling of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes. Nature Methods, 15(11), 962-968. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0176-y Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486(7402), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11234 Kashyap, P. C., Marcobal, A., Ursell, L. K., Smits, S. A., Sonnenburg, E. D., Costello, E. K., ... & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2013). Genetically dictated change in host mucus carbohydrate landscape exerts a diet-dependent effect on the gut microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(42), 17059-17064. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306070110 Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y Mills, S., Stanton, C., Lane, J. A., Smith, G. J., & Ross, R. P. (2019). Precision nutrition and the microbiome, part I: Current state of the science. Nutrients, 11(4), 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040923 Rothschild, D., Weissbrod, O., Barkan, E., Kurilshikov, A., Korem, T., Zeevi, D., … & Segal, E. (2018). Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature, 555(7695), 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25973 Zhernakova, A., Kurilshikov, A., Bonder, M. J., Tigchelaar, E. F., Schirmer, M., Vatanen, T., … & Wijmenga, C. (2016). Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 352(6285), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3369

How do you Formulate Skincare Products? Formulating skincare products is a process that combines different ingredients to provide targeted skin benefits. The type of product being used, the particular skin concern and the formulation's stability and effectiveness are some of the variables that can affect the formulation process. Key Components of Skincare Formulation: Choosing the right ingredients when formulating skincare products is important, as it determines the product's effectiveness. Moreover, the chemical composition of the ingredients and their concentrations in a formulation is as important as establishing its overall effect on our health. Most skincare products typically include 15 to 20 ingredients in their formulation (Goyal & Jerold, 2023). Water Ultra-pure distilled water serves as the foundation for nearly every cosmetic formulation, including creams, lotions, makeup, deodorants, shampoos, and conditioners. It functions primarily as a solvent, helping to emulsify ingredients and ensure a smooth and consistent texture in the final product (Goyal & Jerold, 2023). Emulsifiers Promotes the formation of a homogenous and consistent texture in the formulation by encouraging the suspension of water and oil (Goyal & Jerold, 2023). Humectants Humectants are crucial for the skin's hydration balance, moisture retention, and desiccation prevention. Multiple hydroxyl, carboxyl, or other polar groups found in humectants have the ability to create hydrogen bonds with water molecules, which allows them to absorb and hold onto moisture (Du et al., 2024). Thickeners Long carbon chains and polar groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide groups make up most of the thickeners. Within solutions, these long-chain structures increase the viscosity of the solution by increasing its resistance to flow (Du et al., 2024). Preservatives Preservatives are added to prevent the growth of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms that could degrade the product or negatively impact the consumer's health De et al., 2017). Active Ingredients Ingredients that offer therapeutic advantages and improve the efficacy of skincare products, such as hyaluronic acid, are used as active components in formulations (Morganti et al., 2023). Therefore, selecting the appropriate active ingredient is crucial to creating a high-quality skin care product (Calixto & Maia, 2017). Stability testing and sensory analysis The formulations afterwards need to be tested for their stability at different temperatures and for sensory evaluation such as spreadability, cohesiveness, consistency, firmness and viscosity (Calixto & Maia, 2017). Targeting the microbiome with Skincare products Our skin is home to millions of microbial species called the Skin microbiome. A balance of all these microbes is crucial to obtain healthy skin. Imbalances cause several skin problems such as acne, rosacea…etc. So when formulating skincare products it is important to investigate each ingredient's impact on the skin microbiome. Conclusion It is of great importance to carefully consider the ingredients that are put into skincare formulations whilst considering the skin microbiome. Developing safe and efficient products is frequently the main goal, there is also a growing tendency towards customisation based on the demands of each individual's skin. This trend towards customised skincare highlights the value of customised solutions in the beauty industry and represents a deeper awareness of the various needs of various skin types and conditions. References Calixto LS, Maia Campos PMBG. Physical-Mechanical characterization of cosmetic formulations and correlation between instrumental measurements and sensorial properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2017 Oct;39(5):527-534. doi: 10.1111/ics.12406. Epub 2017 Jul 24. PMID: 28555924. De Groot, A. C., & White, I. R. (2001). Cosmetics and Skin Care Products. Textbook of Contact Dermatitis, 661–685.doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10302-9_32 Du XN, He Y, Chen YW, Liu Q, Sun L, Sun HM, Wu XF, Lu Y. Decoding Cosmetic Complexities: A Comprehensive Guide to Matrix Composition and Pretreatment Technology. Molecules. 2024 Jan 15;29(2):411. doi: 10.3390/molecules29020411. PMID: 38257324; PMCID: PMC10818968. Goyal N, Jerold F. Biocosmetics: technological advances and future outlook. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(10):25148-25169. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17567-3. Epub 2021 Nov 25. PMID: 34825334; PMCID: PMC8616574. Morganti, P.; Lohani, A.; Gagliardini, A.; Morganti, G.; Coltelli, M.-B. Active Ingredients and Carriers in Nutritional Eco-Cosmetics. Compounds 2023, 3, 122-141. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010011

How do you know if your microbiome is off? What is the microbiome? The human microbiome is defined as the full array of microorganisms, and their genomes, that live in and on humans. These microorganisms inhabit a particular site of the human body and form distinct microbial communities (microbiota) such as those found on the skin or the scalp microbiome. The composition of an individual's microbiome can be influenced by several factors such as age, environment and method of birth. Without testing, there are a few signs that can indicate whether your microbiome is potentially off-balance. An imbalance in the microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, can manifest as a condition in different body areas such as acne vulgaris or dandruff. In this post, we explore potential signs of imbalance in the skin, scalp, oral and vaginal microbiomes. Signs of a skin microbiome imbalance Skin-resident microbes inherently help to maintain a healthy skin barrier, however, if disrupted, changes in the skin microbiome can lead to inflammation, dryness, irritation and itchy skin (Skowron et al., 2021). Several studies have also shown that dysbiosis is implicated in the manifestation of inflammatory skin conditions such as acne and atopic dermatitis. Acne One of the major factors involved in acne pathogenesis is thought to be an imbalance of the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes. Although C.acnes is also present on healthy skin, studies show that a loss of microbial diversity and loss of balance between C. acnes phylotypes appears to play a role in the triggering of acne (Dréno et al., 2020). Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Studies have shown that individuals with atopic dermatitis have a disturbed skin microbiome and are more often colonised with Staphylococcus aureus compared to healthy individuals. The presence of S. aureus contributes to the inflamed, dry and itchy skin commonly experienced by individuals with atopic dermatitis. Signs of a scalp microbiome imbalance Studies have revealed that the scalp microbiome is characterized by a relatively low bacterial diversity, as compared to the other body sites and is dominated by Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia spp (Saxena et al.,2021). Dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome has been linked to conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Seborrheic Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis is a common chronic, inflammatory skin disease that can affect the scalp and other sebum-gland-rich areas of the body. Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic type of inflammatory dermatosis associated with the proliferation of Malassezia species (Wang et al., 2021). The common signs of seborrheic dermatitis are flaking, scaling and inflammation. Dandruff Dandruff is a light disease state of seborrheic dermatitis, also associated with the proliferation of Malassezia species. Thus, scalp microbiome dysbiosis may present itself as dandruff, characterised by mild inflammatory reactions that present as abnormal flaking of the scalp and sometimes with mild erythema (redness). Signs of an oral microbiome imbalance The oral microbiome comprises a complex and diverse community of microorganisms living within the oral cavity and is the third most diverse after the gut and skin microbiome. Changes in the oral cavity can lead to dysbiosis which has been associated with the development of diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis. Periodontitis (Gum Disease) Periodontitis, otherwise known as gum disease, is an irreversible inflammatory condition that affects over half of the world’s population and is a major cause of tooth loss. Although the cause of periodontitis is multifactorial, the presence of plaque is thought to be the primary factor. Plaque is formed when salivary glycoproteins adhere to the tooth surface, creating an environment for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to colonise. It is the uncontrolled growth of the Gram-negative component of subgingival biofilm that leads to periodontitis (Aruni et al., 2015). Common signs of periodontitis include persistent bad breath, swollen gums and loose teeth. Gingivitis Gingivitis and periodontitis are a continuum of the same inflammatory disease, whereby gingivitis may lead to periodontitis if left untreated. Dysbiosis in the oral microbiome may manifest as gingivitis which is characterised by red, swollen and bleeding gums. Signs of a vaginal microbiome imbalance Vaginal microbiota constitutes about 9% of the total human microbiota. These microbes live in a mutualistic relationship with the host vagina protecting it from potentially pathogenic microbes like those causing bacterial vaginosis (Saraf et al., 2021). Bacterial Vaginosis Changes in the vaginal microbiota including a loss of Lactobacillus species and an increase in facultative and anaerobic organism populations result in bacterial vaginosis (Saraf et al., 2021). This imbalance in the vaginal microbiome often leads to unusual discharge. In summary Whilst these signs can indicate a potential imbalance in your microbiome, they can also be caused by other factors. Microbiome testing would be ideal to provide certainty of an imbalance, however not many personal care brands offer this method of diagnosis to consumers. One example of a skincare brand that does offer this service is Gallinée, enabling personalised skin routine recommendations via an in-depth skin health report. Advice for brands We recommend differentiating your brand by harnessing the power of microbiome testing. The results of our market research on over 3,500 participants found that 80% demand a customised microbiome-based skincare product that factors ethnicity, age, location and skin concerns. By conducting in vivo testing on your products you can ensure they maintain the microbiome. Additionally, we can partner with your brand to offer our at-home skin microbiome testing kit, allowing you to provide skin health reports and personalised product recommendations to your customers based on their individual microbiome profiles. References Aruni, A. W., Dou, Y., Mishra, A., & Fletcher, H. M. (2015). The biofilm community: Rebels with a cause. Current Oral Health Reports, 2(1), 48-56. doi:10.1007/s40496-014-0044-5 Dréno, B., Dagnelie, M. A., Khammari, A., & Corvec, S. (2020). The skin microbiome: A new actor in inflammatory acne. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 21(Suppl 1), 18-24. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00531-1 Saraf, V. S., Sheikh, S. A., Ahmad, A., Gillevet, P. M., Bokhari, H., & Javed, S. (2021). Vaginal microbiome: Normalcy vs dysbiosis. Archives of Microbiology, 203(7), 3793-3802. doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02414-3 Saxena, R., Mittal, P., Clavaud, C., Dhakan, D. B., Roy, N., Breton, L., . . . Sharma, V. K. (2021). Longitudinal study of the scalp microbiome suggests coconut oil to enrich healthy scalp commensals. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 7220. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86454-1 Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Kraszewska, Z., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Kwiecińska-Piróg, J., . . . Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2021). Human skin microbiome: Impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on skin microbiota. Microorganisms (Basel), 9(3), 543. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030543 Wang, H., Wang, C., Hsieh, S., Hung, Y., & Chen, H. (2022). Evaluation of a new‐formula shampoo containing 6% glycyrrhetinic acid complex for scalp seborrheic dermatitis: A pilot study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 21(8), 3423-3430. doi:10.1111/jocd.14623

Your Clinical Microbiome Testing Partner Leading-edge microbiome testing & research partner for personal care products. Effective and actionable insights based on extensive microbiome research. View Services Brochure 20,000+ Microbiome Sample Database 4,000+ Ingredient Database 10,000+ Testing Participants Globally 60+ Industry Partners Who We Are Sequential is the industry leader in clinical microbiome research and testing offering a comprehensive end-to-end platform designed to bring science backed solutions to the personal care and pharma industry. We are a team of award-winning scientists who’s aim is to understand the impact of the microbiome on the host (humans) and how the host impacts the microbiome in order to fully characterise human health. Learn More What We Offer Microbiome Testing A fully customizable microbiome study to test your product's impact in a real-life context. Formulation Support Allow our formulation experts to guide you through the process of creating a product that maintains the biome. Claims & Certification Test your formulation to understand what marketing claims you can attribute to your product. Strategic Partnerships Join us in full end-to-end partnership (testing to collaborating on white papers). Clinical Assessments Understand your product's impact on transepidermal water loss, pH, and elasticity. Study Recruitment Let us recruit candidates and carry out in-lab testing for your study to ensure controlled collection. Our Testing Capabilities Differentiate your brand by harnessing the power of skin microbiome science. Stand out from competitors with products backed by robust research and gold standard certification that resonates with customers seeking credible, innovative personal care offerings. Skin Scalp Vaginal Oral What Our Clients Say “Sequential is one of the world’s most innovative Microbiome companies. The resolution at subspecies level, and to perform quantification of key vaginal microbes, in vivo , was exactly what we wanted at Curive Healthcare to know intricately how our product is working to improve women’s health.” - Matthew Line, Chief Marketing Officer at Curive Healthcare Supporting World-Class Clients & Partners Join Our Partners! Microbiome's Impact on Human Health AOB for AD: Ammonium-oxidising Bacteria as an Innovative Approach to Managing Atopic Dermatitis Green Guardians: Exploring Plant-Derived Antifungals in Skincare Innovation What can be done to support the infant microbiome? Read More Articles FAQ What is Sequential's testing platform? Sequential has developed the gold standard test for microbiome-friendly products, in vivo (in, or on, humans). Finally, we can give some certainty about if a product is truly affecting the microbiome. We offer a complete end-to-end solution to support microbiome-friendly claims. From consultancy and study design to our proprietary microbiome testing kits. We analyse, interpret and report our findings to meet your needs. Why is it necessary to test the microbiome in vivo? At present, there are no regulations for microbiome-related formulas that brands and formulators can follow, however, it has been universally acknowledged that the in vivo method of conducting clinical studies is becoming critical and paramount to getting marketing claims through. When regulations are introduced, which may be imminent, the in vitro system will find itself lacking, resulting in limited claims and certifications that do not hold their value. This is why, we at Sequential strive to offer an in vivo approach, knowing full well that we want our client's claims to be significantly backed by scientific and quantifiable data. What type of sequencing technology does Sequential use for analysis? We offer four types of sequencing techniques including qPCR with our Smart Probes™, 16S, ITS and Shotgun Metagenomics. Using next-generation sequencing of the collection of microorganisms found on the body, during product usage, Sequential investigates the microbial diversity, and particular microorganisms we know are important and play a role in a healthy microbiome. Does Sequential offer claims certification for tested products? We provide our clients with a certification to claim “Maintains the Microbiome” subject to in vivo testing results which can be used in communication efforts. Once your product is tested with our qPCR Smart Probes™ and has shown favourable results in supporting the microbiome, we can certify your product with our Maintains the Microbiome certification seal. We have ensured that our seal and certification are backed by quantifiable data and scientifically significant markers. The aim is to ensure our clients feel confident in making their claims and can communicate the true benefit of their microbiome formulations.

Skin Microbiome Testing As the skincare industry grows, consumers demand transparency from the brands formulating their products. It has become essential for formulators to create products they are willing to test to present scientifically backed data-driven evidence of their products' true effects. Sequential offers microbiome testing for your skincare formulations, ranging from moisturizers, serums, cleansers, SPF products, etc. We are dedicated to understanding how your product interacts with the skin and its microbes. Depending on how in-depth you want to go, we offer qPCR, 16S, ITS, and Shotgun Metagenomics. Download Case Study! Personalized Approach to Testing Unlike other methodologies present within the industry, Sequential's approach ensures that your product's data and analysis will stand the test of industry regulations when they are introduced. You can tailor your study entirely to your unique requirements. Test Products in a Real-Life Context The microbiome comprises a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that live together in a delicate balance, which is why it's best to test directly upon it directly. To fully understand the impact a product is having on the microbiome, in vivo is the only way. Collect Longitudinal Data With in vivo testing we can design your study around the extended use of a product over multiple time points. This allows us to review how a product is performing before and after usage, but also take into account its gradual impact on the microbiome. Measure Against a Control Group Measure a product against a control group that might have a different percentage of your active ingredient within its formulation or no active at all. This will allow for deeper insights into the impact of a formulation on microbial balance and diversity. 4 Sequencing Reports To Pick From Depending on your development stage and what you are interested in studying we offer qPCR, 16S, ITS, and Shotgun Metagenomics. With our qPCR Smart Probes™ we can go down to the strain level in our analysis. Personalize Your Microbiome Study! The body's skin surface consists of the largest organ within the human body, hosting trillions of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.). These microbes protect the body from external forces, playing a key role in systemic human health. Clinically Validated Collection System In addition to skin swabs, at Sequential we have developed another strong innovation to collect reliable, reproducible, and straight forward skin samples - making it that much easier to do remote consumer and clinical studies. - Validated with external parties for DNA and RNA collection, both from microbial and host cells. - Published in peer-reviewed journals, showing ease of collection and adoption for clinical studies in a range of studies. -Clinically tested on 7 unique body sites. Smart Probe s ™ Our dedicated team of scientists have developed a method of evaluating microbes through our Smart Probes™. These refer to a panel of 20 key microbes we have specifically identified as having the most impact on skin health. Over and above the taxonomic characterisation that 16S offers, which gives us a snapshot of all the genus present within a collected sample (Cutibacterium, Staphyloccocus, etc.) our targeted approach takes it a step further, opening the lens to the species (C. acnes ), sub-species (C. acnes defendens ) and even strains within them. This is a crucial distinction as not all strains of a species behave similarly. In Fact, we find that within these species there are strains associated with inflammation and strains that are commensal, and beneficial. Gold Standard Certification Sequential has developed the gold standard test for products designed to target the microbiome, in vivo (in, or on, humans). Finally, we can give some certainty about if a product is truly affecting the microbiome. Using next-generation sequencing of the collection of micro-organisms found on the body, before and after product usage, Sequential investigates the microbial balance and diversity, and particular micro-organisms we know are important and play a role in a healthy microbiome. We give you an in vivo certification that your product maintains the microbiome. And it’s not exclusive to skincare! We do this for haircare products, oral products, and vulva/vaginal microbiomes. Personalize Your Microbiome Study! Supplement Your Microbiome Study Recruitment Services Let us take care of the entire candidate recruitment process for you! View More Biophysical Assessments Increase your data on the use of your product by evaluating additional biophysical factors. View More Formulation Support Seek consultation advice for your formulation if you are re-formulating or developing a new product. View More FAQ What is Sequential's testing platform? Sequential has developed the gold standard test for microbiome-friendly products, in vivo (in, or on, humans). Finally, we can give some certainty about if a product is truly affecting the microbiome. We offer a complete end-to-end solution to support microbiome-friendly claims. From consultancy and study design to our proprietary microbiome testing kits. We analyse, interpret and report our findings to meet your needs. Why is it necessary to test the microbiome in vivo? At present, there are no regulations for microbiome-related formulas that brands and formulators can follow, however, it has been universally acknowledged that the in vivo method of conducting clinical studies is becoming critical and paramount to getting marketing claims through. When regulations are introduced, which may be imminent, the in vitro system will find itself lacking, resulting in limited claims and certifications that do not hold their value. This is why, we at Sequential strive to offer an in vivo approach, knowing full well that we want our client's claims to be significantly backed by scientific and quantifiable data. What type of sequencing technology does Sequential use for analysis? We offer four types of sequencing techniques including qPCR with our Smart Probes™, 16S, ITS and Shotgun Metagenomics. Using next-generation sequencing of the collection of microorganisms found on the body, during product usage, Sequential investigates the microbial diversity, and particular microorganisms we know are important and play a role in a healthy microbiome. Does Sequential offer claims certification for tested products? We provide our clients with a certification to claim “Maintains the Microbiome” subject to in vivo testing results which can be used in communication efforts. Once your product is tested with our qPCR Smart Probes™ and has shown favourable results in supporting the microbiome, we can certify your product with our Maintains the Microbiome certification seal. We have ensured that our seal and certification are backed by quantifiable data and scientifically significant markers. The aim is to ensure our clients feel confident in making their claims and can communicate the true benefit of their microbiome formulations.

TARGETED SKIN PANEL Sun/UV Targeted Panel 23 Smart Probes ™ Sun/UV Panel Validated targets: Sphingomonas spp, Cyanobacteria spp, Malassezia furfur Absolute Quantification End-to-end Service Qet a Quote Unlock the Secrets of UV Exposure with Sequential's Cutting-Edge Microbiome Testing Why Microbiome Testing for SPF Products? According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, about 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer by the age of 70, with UV exposure being one of the most common causes. With the growing awareness of the risks associated with UV damage, in vivo testing for SPF products has become increasingly crucial. The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in protecting against UV radiation, but excessive sun exposure can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to increased risk for skin cancer and other forms of skin damage. By conducting in vivo testing, companies can better assess how sunscreen and SPF products interact with the microbiome, ensuring not only UV protection but also the maintenance of a healthy skin barrier. This holistic approach is essential to create safer, more effective sun-care products that prevent long-term damage (American Academy of Dermatology). Sequential is leading the way in microbiome testing for the industry. With a specialized focus on skin conditions, we have developed an innovative solution tailored to help you understand the root causes of UV exposure at the microbial level. Our proprietary sequencing panel is designed specifically to offer in-depth analysis of sun-exposed microbiota, giving you the tools to transform skincare solutions. Customized Analysis Tailored insights specific to UV exposure, allowing your R&D team to develop more personalized and effective products. Actionable Data Leverage detailed reports to guide formulation decisions and validate product efficacy with precision. Product Innovation New SPF products or enhancing existing lines, our data helps you create targeted solutions with proven results. Precision Sequencing Target specific microbial communities associated with sun exposure and UV related skin conditions. Smart Probe s ™ Our dedicated team of scientists has developed an innovative method for evaluating the effects of sun exposure and UV radiation on the skin using our Smart Probes™ technology. This proprietary panel features 23 key markers that we’ve identified as having the most significant influence on skin health, particularly in response to UV damage. To further understand the impact of UV radiation on the skin’s microbiome and overall health, we utilize qPCR technology. This advanced technique allows us to accurately measure changes in microbial populations and skin health following sun exposure. By closely analyzing how sun care products interact with these key markers and microbes, companies can develop solutions that not only protect against UV damage but also support the skin’s natural defenses, ensuring long-term skin health and resilience against sun-induced aging and other effects. Sun/UV Panel Targets Sphingomonas Sphingomonas has been shown to be highly resistant to UV irradiation and capable of reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in human keratinocytes—the predominant cell type in the epidermis. This discovery underscores the important role that members of the skin microbiome, such as Sphingomonas , play in protecting human skin from solar radiation damage. By mitigating oxidative stress caused by UV exposure, Sphingomonas may contribute to healthier skin and potentially enhance the skin's natural defense mechanisms. Harel N, Ogen-Shtern N, Reshef L, Biran D, Ron EZ, Gophna U. Skin microbiome bacteria enriched following long sun exposure can reduce oxidative damage. Res Microbiol. 2023 Nov-Dec;174(8):104138. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104138. Epub 2023 Sep 16. PMID: 37722498. Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria have shown potential in skin care due to their ability to decrease pigmentation and reduce damage associated with photoaging. According to research, Cyanobacteria on the skin surface can help mitigate these effects by lowering melanin production and protect the skin from oxidative stress, which contributes to the aging process. Skowron K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Kraszewska Z, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms. 2021 Mar 5;9(3):543. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030543. PMID: 33808031; PMCID: PMC7998121. Malassezia furfur Malassezia furfur is a species of yeast commonly found on human skin, often associated with various dermatological conditions. Despite its ability to synthesize a UV-protective substance called pityriacitrin, Malassezia furfur demonstrates high sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Burns EM, Ahmed H, Isedeh PN, Kohli I, Van Der Pol W, Shaheen A, Muzaffar AF, Al-Sadek C, Foy TM, Abdelgawwad MS, Huda S, Lim HW, Hamzavi I, Bae S, Morrow CD, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome. Exp Dermatol. 2019 Feb;28(2):136-141. doi: 10.1111/exd.13854. Epub 2019 Jan 14. PMID: 30506967; PMCID: PMC7394481. Industry Leader in Absolute Quantification Sequential’s Smart Probe ™ qPCR approach to microbiome analysis can resolve species and subspecies, giving statistically significant findings between skin conditions on in vivo human samples, compared to conventional sequencing approaches. Relevant Research Shedding Light on Summer Sun: Does UV Exposure Affect the Skin Microbiome? Read More Articles

We are a Team of Award-Winning Scientists Creating a World with Healthier Microbiomes Our platform is the result of our team’s combined expertise in genetics, epigenetics, and microbiome research. We utilise deep molecular analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to understand the impact of product usage on an individual’s microbiome. Through our efforts, we hope to revolutionise the way in which the industry develops and tests its products to deliver optimal results to those utilising them. Our Mission Sequential is the industry leader in clinical microbiome research and testing offering a comprehensive end-to-end platform designed to bring science-backed solutions to the personal care and pharmaceutical industry. Our mission is to understand the impact of the microbiome on the host (humans) and how the host impacts the microbiome in order to characterise human health fully. We offer an extensive platform to conduct research on personal care products through microbiome testing, and biophysical assessments, and offer full recruitment services for studies. We are keen to publish our findings with our partners to increase the literature within this space. At present our database of over 20,000 human microbiome samples is one of the most sophisticated within the industry and is growing rapidly. Innovation Pioneering the forefront of biological science, we consistently introduce groundbreaking advancements to redefine industry standards. Transparency Our commitment to openness ensures a clear understanding of our human microbiome testing processes and analysis. Reliability We guarantee dependable results, fostering trust in the accuracy of our analyses. Scientific Board of Advisors Our advisors are world leaders in the skin microbiome and have extensive experience in bringing forward solutions for skin concerns Prof. Tom Dawson Senior Principal Investigator at Skin Research Institute of Singapore. Over 30 years experience in biotechnology innovations, and expert in the skin and hair microbiome. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Pharmacology at the Univer sity of North Carolina. Dr Kimberly Capone Dr Kimberly Capone is a pioneer and established expert in microbiology and the human microbiome field where she created new business opportunities across multiple brands over 13 years at Johnson & Johnson Consumer, Inc. Areas of concentration included infant and adult skin, vaginal, gut, and oral health. Prof. Phillip Bennett Phillip Bennett is Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Director of the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology. Professor Bennett has been one of the key pioneers in researching the vaginal microbiome. In particular, to understand and characterise the impact of the vaginal microbiome on preterm labour. Bennett has published over 400 peer-reviewed research articles over his career. Dr Natalya Fox Dr Natalya Fox is a Dermatologist at the NHS - St George's Hospital, London. Previously, Fox did her MBChB at the University of Edinburgh 201 4 and has her Full MRCP UK in Dermatology. Fox is passionate about the skin microbiome and its place in dermatology. Prof. Elena Lurie-Luke A senior R&D, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Executive with extensive technical, strategic business development. Proven leadership experience in both global FMCG and public health sector environments. Prof. Niranjan Nagarajan Associate Director & Senior Group Leader at Genome Institute of Singapore. Expert in computation biology, in particular the study of microbial communities resident on the human skin. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Computer Science at Cornell University. Dr Alexander Lezhava Senior Group Leader & Associate Director at Genome Institute of Singapore. Expert in the commercial development of medical diagnostics and clinical-grade molecular assays. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Microbiology at Hiroshima University. Please find listed a selection of relevant peer-reviewed publications from our advisors. Wu G, TL Dawson, et al. (2015) Genus-Wide Comparative Genomics of Malassezia Delineates Its Phylogeny, Physiology, and Niche Adaptation on Human Skin. PLOS Genetics 11(11): e1005614. Chng, K., Nagarajan, N., et al. (2016) Whole metagenome profiling reveals skin microbiome-dependent susceptibility to atopic dermatitis flare. Nat Microbiol 1, 16106. Tay, A.S., Nagarajan, N., et al (2018). 1039 Skin microbiome profiles of atopic dermatitis patients segregate into two community composition types that are stable before and after therapy. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 138. S176. 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1051. Ramasamy S., Barnard, E., Dawson, TL, and Huiying Li. (2019). Role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology. British Journal of Dermatology, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18230. Dawson, TL. (2019) Malassezia: The Forbidden Kingdom Opens. Cell Host Microbe https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010 Tay, A.S., Nagarajan, N., et al (2020). Atopic dermatitis microbiomes stratify into ecologic dermotypes enabling microbial virulence and disease severity. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.031. Dawson, TL. (2021) Malassezia: A Skin Commensal Yeast Impacting Both Health and Disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.659219 Bissonnette, Robert & FAAD, & Palijan, Ana & Salem, Youssef & Maari, Catherine & Proulx, Etienne & Edjekouane, Lydia & Joly-Chevrier, Maxine & Devis, Andrew & Dashi, Albert & Worsley, Oliver. (2024). 50694 Gut microbiome differences between patients with moderate to severe Chronic Hand Eczema and healthy subjects. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 91. AB224. 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.07.889. Supported By Our Team at Sequential Dr. Oliver Worsley CEO & CO-FOUNDER Oliver is the co-founder and CEO of Sequential. He completed his PhD in molecular genetics as a scholar at the Genome Institute of Singapore from 2014-2018, and has won multiple awards including the P&G Young Entrepreneurship Scheme, presented at the Royal Society in London in 2017; and the top prize at the L’Oréal Innovation Runway 2018. Oliver has previously founded Anya Consulting, a healthcare communications company that has published >150 articles and has produced several technical whitepapers for clients like Fierce Health. Prior, Oliver completed his BSc at Edinburgh University, including six months at Leiden University Medical Centre through the Erasmus Programme. Sibora Peca CLINICAL OPERATIONS LEAD Grace Robinson ASSOCIATE SCIENTIST Shalindri Jayawardene RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Kajal Patel RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Dr. Albert Dashi CHIEF SCIENCE OFFICER & CO-FOUNDER Albert is the co-founder and CSO of Sequential. He completed his PhD in molecular genetics, epigenetics and stem cell research at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Genome Institute of Singapore in 2019. In 2014, he received the Singapore International Graduate Award from A*STAR for his PhD research and was also awarded the “Young Investigator” award. He also won the “Young Entrepreneur Scheme” award by P&G for his innovative and business driven ideas. Prior moving to Singapore for his doctor program, Albert obtained his Masters in Biomedical Sciences at University of Bern, Switzerland. Andrew Davis SENIOR BIOINFORMATICIAN Forest Wong SENIOR LAB TECHNICIAN Ashley LeSalle JUNIOR LAB TECHNICIAN Petronille Houdart, PharmD SKINCARE DIRECTOR Petronille is Sequential's lead skincare director, focused on translating the latest in skin science to personalised skincare recommendations. She has over a decade in the industry, working with international brands to lead and consult on R&D, creative projects and brand innovation. Petronille also led her own award-winning dermocosmetic brand, Petronille Dermo Cosmetic, that produced customisable products for men and women. Petronille holds an MSc in Cosmetology Sciences and a professional doctorate in pharmacy (specialising in dermo-pharmacy) from Paris Descartes University. Marya Sheikh-Ahmed SENIOR MARKETING ASSOCIATE Dr. Sija Sajibu RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Melissa Ople ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT Annabelle Schaefer RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Our Labs Sequential has microbiome testing labs in New York City, London and Singapore. Being close to our customers has allowed us to reduce turnaround time, whilst retaining the intellectual property in-house. Proud to Have Worked With