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The oralome describes the interactions between the diverse range of species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa occupying numerous habitats of the oral cavity. Being influenced by factors like food, hygiene, and environment, disruption of this delicate balance is able to cause downstream effects that are detrimental to both oral and global bodily health, creating a need for effective therapies that restore normal function.
What we know:
Of the ~1000 microbial species comprising the oralome, bacteria are the most abundant. The human oralome consists of 774 bacterial species, mostly belonging to Gemella, Granulicatella Streptococcus, and Veillonella, while non-bacterial species include bacteriophages, fungi, and methane-producing archaea (Radaic & Kapila, 2021; Aas et al., 2005).
Healthy individuals possess more probiotic commensals that secrete antimicrobials to inhibit disease progression and train the immune system to defend against pathogens (Belda-Ferre et al., 2012).
Unhealthy behaviours (poor oral hygiene and diet, smoking) promotes growth of dysbiotic bacterial biofilms 1000x more resistant to antibiotics than usual that adhere to the oral cavity and cause tooth decay and gum disease (Sudhakara et al., 2018; Kouidhi et al., 2015; Dewhirst et al., 2010).
This dysbiosis may spread from the mouth to impact other regions of the body, usually via bacteremia or the oral-gut axis, contributing to non-oral diseases like Atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and IBD (Radaic & Kapila, 2021; Park et al., 2021).
Plant medicinal compounds, like those from S. persica and C. sinensis, can inhibit biofilm growth by preventing bacterial communication and attachment (Al-Sohaibani & Murugan, 2012; Xu et al., 2012).
Other possible anti-biofilm solutions include prebiotics to limit pathobiont growth, probiotics to improve mucosal immunity against oral disease, and chemicals to disrupt biofilm formation (Radaic & Kapila, 2021).
Industry impact & potential:
Many brands are now considering the power of probiotics as a way to treat and combat dental disease.
Gallinée Microbiome Skincare’s Mouth & Microbiome supplement promotes oralome health by maintaining the environments good bacteria inhabit. It contains probiotics and vitamins D3 and B8 that maintain healthy teeth and mucous membranes.
Our Solution:
Sequential is the leading expert in microbiome testing, with a Gold Standard in-vivo end-to-end platform, allowing your brand to reliably test the efficacy of your product on promoting and maintaining a healthy oral microbiome.
This approach ensures greater accuracy and representativeness when considering formulation efficacy and optimality, and also includes sequencing services to give you in-depth analytical comparison on how your formulation can influence the oralome.
References:
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Nov;43(11):5721-32. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005. PMID: 16272510; PMCID: PMC1287824.
Al-Sohaibani S, Murugan K. Anti-biofilm activity of Salvadora persica on cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: in vitro and molecular docking studies. Biofouling. 2012;28(1):29-38. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.647308. PMID: 22235758.
Belda-Ferre P, Alcaraz LD, Cabrera-Rubio R, Romero H, Simón-Soro A, Pignatelli M, Mira A. The oral metagenome in health and disease. ISME J. 2012 Jan;6(1):46-56. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.85. Epub 2011 Jun 30. PMID: 21716308; PMCID: PMC3246241.
Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010 Oct;192(19):5002-17. doi: 10.1128/JB.00542-10. Epub 2010 Jul 23. PMID: 20656903; PMCID: PMC2944498.
Kouidhi B, Al Qurashi YM, Chaieb K. Drug resistance of bacterial dental biofilm and the potential use of natural compounds as alternative for prevention and treatment. Microb Pathog. 2015 Mar;80:39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 21. PMID: 25708507.
Park S-Y, Hwang B-O, Lim M, Ok S-H, Lee S-K, Chun K-S, Park K-K, Hu Y, Chung W-Y, Song N-Y. Oral–Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer. Cancers. 2021; 13(9):2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092124
Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021 Feb 27;19:1335-1360. doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010. PMID: 33777334; PMCID: PMC7960681.
Sudhakara P, Gupta A, Bhardwaj A, Wilson A. Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Apr 16;6(2):10. doi: 10.3390/dj6020010. PMID: 29659479; PMCID: PMC6023521.
Xu X, Zhang W, Huang C, Li Y, Yu H, Wang Y, Duan J, Ling Y. A novel chemometric method for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(6):6964-6982. doi: 10.3390/ijms13066964. Epub 2012 Jun 7. PMID: 22837674; PMCID: PMC3397506.
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