How Do I Test My Microbiome?

The microbiome refers to the collection of trillions of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that live in and on your body, particularly in your gut. (Lloyd-Price, Abu-Ali & Huttenhower, 2016) These microbes are vital components in maintaining our health by aiding digestion, regulating the immune system, and even influencing mood and overall brain function. Given the growing interest in the microbiome's impact on overall well-being, testing the microbiome has broadened its appeal among people. Here's an overview of the process, why it's important, and what the results could reveal.


Types of Microbiome Tests

Skin tests: Skin microbiome samples are typically collected using non-invasive methods, such as swabs, tape strips, or skin scrapings. A swab is gently rubbed over the surface of the skin to capture microbial communities from different body areas, depending on the research or diagnostic needs. These samples are then sent to a lab for DNA sequencing to identify and quantify the microbial species present (Grice & Segre, 2011). This approach allows for a deeper understanding of how the skin's microbial balance impacts health conditions like acne, eczema, and skin infections.

Saliva tests: Saliva microbiome testing is a non-invasive approach to assess the bacterial communities in the mouth, offering insights into oral and overall health. Through next-generation sequencing, saliva samples can reveal significant shifts in microbial composition, serving as early biomarkers for health conditions.

For example, Aas et al. (2005) demonstrated that saliva microbiome testing could reveal distinct bacterial profiles associated with oral diseases, suggesting its importance in both oral and systemic health management.

Stool tests: Stool microbiome testing evaluates the gut’s microbial composition by analysing bacteria, viruses, and fungi in stool samples. This non-invasive test helps identify microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) linked to conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. By using next-generation sequencing, it reveals the diversity and abundance of gut microbes, which can inform insights into digestive, immune, and even mental health. Zhernakova et al. (2016) highlighted its potential in detecting gut-related health issues and promoting personalised healthcare strategies.

Comprehensive clinical tests: In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend a more comprehensive testing that goes beyond the standard saliva and stool samples which include blood tests or even tissue biopsies; particularly when chronic conditions are present. These approaches can hold valuable information regarding systemic infections or localised imbalances in microbiota, which can significantly aid in the management of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and even cancer. (Schulfer & Blaser, 2015)


Conclusion
By testing our microbiome, we dive into important insights of our overall health by identifying imbalances in microbial communities, known as dysbiosis, which are interlinked to various health conditions. Understanding our microbiome composition allows for customised dietary and lifestyle adjustments to restore balance, as specific gut bacteria are essential for digestion, immune function, and mood regulation. (Zhernakova et al., 2016; Young, 2017)

Advancements in microbiome research show that testing can aid in managing chronic diseases by guiding personalised treatment and dietary plans based on an individual's microbial profile, improving clinical outcomes and overall well-being (Lloyd-Price et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2021). Regular testing can optimise health, particularly concerning the gut-brain axis and metabolic health.